Angami Zapu Phizo and the Making of Modern Naga Nationalism: A Historical Analysis
Krishanu Ghosh
Assistant Professor
Department of History, Bhairab Ganguly College
krishanurbu@gmail.com
Submitted on: 12.05.2026
Accepted on: 28.06.2026
Abstract: The movement of Nagaland has been one of the most long-lasting, complex, and emotionally charged ethno-nationalist movements of South Asia. At least in part, such an ethno-nationalist movement has been perpetuated by AngamiZapuPhizo, who has played the role of the Naga identity, resistance and aspirations by his charismatic and uncompromising leadership of the movement through forty years. Phizo’s influence touched all the major stages of the movement and left a lasting impact on both the movement’s successes and failures. This paper examines the development of Phizo’s leadership through critical events in the history of the Naga struggle. The paper first examines the Naga National Council’s (NNC) early years and the debates regarding the Naga people’s right to autonomy or self-determination. The paper then focuses upon Phizo’s role in leading the plebiscite held in 1951—a significant event for Phizo, as he believed the plebiscite would demonstrate the Nagas’ desire for independence from India and lead to India recognizing their sovereignty. Following the plebiscite, the paper examines the transition from peaceful negotiations with the Indian government to an armed conflict and Phizo’s complex relationship with the Indian government. The paper will also examine Phizo’s decision to move to London and lead the Naga movement from there. While the decision to remain in exile in London, while continuing to lead the Naga movement, did create some disunity among the Naga people and further fragmented the Naga National Council in the 1960s and 1970s, Phizo’s leadership continued to inspire many Naga people and provide the movement with a clear ideological focus. However, Phizo’s commitment to achieving full sovereignty for Nagaland also led to divisions and fragmentation within the movement. By placing the Naga struggle within the context of post-colonial state building and the decolonization process, the paper seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of the leadership of Phizo and how he shaped the course of Naga nationalism from 1947 till 1990.
Key Words: Angami Zapu Phizo, Naga National Movement, Naga National Council (NNC), Naga plebiscite 1951